연구
PhET: 연구와 개발PhET 시뮬레이션이 어떻게 설계되었는지, 그리고 학습 촉진을 위해 시뮬레이션을 가장 잘 정제하는 연구 과정
PhET에서는 대화형 시뮬레이션에 관한 디자인과 사용의 이해 증진을 위해 다음의 연구를 수행한다.
- 어떤 특성이 이 도구들의 학습 효과를 높이며, 그 이유는 무엇인가?
- 학습을 위해 학생들은 이 도구들을 어떻게 사용하고 상호작용을 하며, 무엇이 이 과정에 영향을 끼치는가?
- 다양한 학습 환경에서 이 도구들이 언제, 어떻게 그리고 왜 효과적인가?
PhET 시뮬레이션 설계의 원리는 학생들의 학습에 대한 연구와 (Bransford et al., 2000) 시뮬레이션 인터뷰를 기반으로 설정되었다. PhET 설계과정 참고). 이 인터뷰는 인터페이스 디자인과 학생 학습을 공부하기위한 풍부한 데이터 소스를 제공합니다. <1}>PhET 룩 앤 필 은 인터페이스 디자인 원칙을 간략하게 설명하고 있으며, Adams et al., 2008 논문에서 완전한 토론을 발견할 수 있습니다.
연구는 다음과 같은 공통적 질문에 답을 제공해준다:
"PhET 시뮬레이션이 실제의 실험을 대체할 수 있는가?"
우리의 연구에 의하면 PhET 시뮬레이션이 개념을 이해시키는 경우에는 더 효과적이다. 그러나 시뮬레이션만으로는 달성하기 어려운 다양한 실험목표들이 있다. 실험기구와 관련된 특정 기능의 습득이 그러한 예이다. 실험의 목표에 따라 시뮬레이션만을 사용하는 것이 더 효과적일 수 있으나 시뮬레이션과 실제실험을 병행하는 것이 효과적인 경우도 있고 실제실험이 더 효과적인 경우도 있다.
"학생들에게 집에가서 시뮬레이션을 사용해보도록 하는 것만으로 학생들의 학습이 이루어지는가?"
대다수의 학생들은 자신의 성적과 같은 직접적인 동기 요인이 아니고는 과학 시뮬레이션 학습에 스스로 시간을 투입하는데 필요한 동인을 가지고 있지 않다.(시뮬레이션은 재미가 있기는 하지만 매우 재미있지는 않다) 이것이 이 프로젝트에서 어떻게 시뮬레이션을 숙제와 통합할 수 있는가에 대한 연구를 수행하는 이유 중의 하나이다.
"내 수업 중 시뮬레이션을 가장 잘 활용할 수 있는 곳은 어디인가?"
PhET 시뮬레이션은 강의, 학급내의 활동, 실험 및 숙제에 효과적임이 밝혀졌다. PhET 시뮬레이션은 최소한의 텍스트로 구성되어 있어 수업의 어느 부분과도 쉽게 통합이 가능하다.
PhET 팀의 당면 관심사는 다음과 같다.
이해의 형성을 위한 유추의 사용: PhET시뮬레이션의 사용 중 학생들은 친숙하지 아니한 현상을 파악하기 위해 유추를 활용한다. 학생들의 유추사용에서는 표상이 중요한 역할을 담당한다.
수업의 표준을 바꾸는 도구로써의 시뮬레이션: PhET시뮬레이션은 과학의 사회-문화적 규준에 의해 형성되었으나, 학생들이 교실에서 어떻게 학습에 참여하는지에 관한 전통적 표준을 바꾸는 데에도 사용이 가능하다.
학습과 탐구 참여를 증진시키는 시뮬레이션의 특성: PhET 디자인 원리는 시뮬레이션이 학생학습의 효과적인 도구가 되게 하는 특성을 확인하였으며, 앞으로 이 특성들이 어떻게 학생들의 이해에 영향을 끼치는지를 자세히 연구하고자 한다.
시뮬레이션과 숙제의 통합: 시뮬레이션은 대부분의 학습 도구들에는 없는 독특한 특성들을 갖고 있다.(상호작용, 애니메이션, 다이나믹한 피드백, 생산적 탐구의 허용)
화학 시뮬레이션의 효과: 우리는 화학 시뮬레이션이 어디에 또 어떻게 학습에 효과적인 도구가 되는지에 관한 연구를 막 시작하였다.
출판물과 발표자료
- 효과적인 시뮬레이션 디자인의 주요 특성 (주로 인터뷰 자료)
- 수업 중 사용에 관한 연구
- PhET 시뮬레이션 소개
- 학생들의 학습에 대한 인식
- 연구에 의한 다른 작업
- PhET에 대한 외부 연구자들의 출판물
효과적인 시뮬레이션 디자인의 주요 특성 (주로 인터뷰 자료)
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Designing accessible interactive chemistry simulations, , ConfChem: Interactive Visualizations for Chemistry Teaching and Learning. 2015.
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Tilting the Tablet: The Effect of Tablet Tilt on Hand Occlusion, , In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (pp. 1633-1638). ACM. 2015.
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Blending Implicit Scaffolding and Games in PhET Interactive Simulations , , In Polman, J. L., Kyza, E. A., O'Neill, D. K., Tabak, I., Penuel, W. R., Jurow, A. S., O'Connor, K., Lee, T., and D'Amico, L. (Eds.). The International Conference of the Learning Sciences (ICLS): Learning and becoming in practice, Boulder, CO (Vol. 3, pp 1201-1202). June 2014.
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Insights from using PhET's design principles for interactive chemistry simulations , , In J. Suits & M. Sanger, M. (Eds.), Pedagogic Roles of Animations and Simulations in Chemistry Courses, (97-126). ACS Symposium Series, 2013.
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Guiding without feeling guided: implicit scaffolding through interactive simulation design, , Proceedings of the 2012 Physics Education Research Conference, 1513, pp. 302-305, 2013.
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PhET interactive simulations: Using implicit scaffolding to support productive inquiry learning, , Proceedings from EARLI SIG 20 Conference on Computer-Supported Inquiry Learning, 2012.
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Factors promoting engaged exploration with computer simulations , , Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ., Res. 6, 020117, 2010.
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Characterizing Complexity of Computer Simulations and Implications for Student Learning, , In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1289, No. 1, p. 257, 2010.
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Student engagement and learning with PhET interactive simulations, , Il Nuovo Cimento C: Multimedia in Physics Teaching and Learning - MPTL14, Vol 33, no. 3, pp. 21-32, 2010.
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Computer simulations to classrooms: tools for change, , 2009 Physics Education Research - Conference Proceedings. AIP Press, 2010.
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Student Choices when Learning with Computer Simulations, , 2009 Physics Education Research - Conference Proceedings. AIP Press, 2010.
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Developing and Researching PhET simulations for Teaching Quantum Mechanics, , American Journal of Physics, 76, 406 , May 2008.
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A Study of Educational Simulations Part II - Interface Design , , Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 19(4), 551-577 , October 2008.
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Chapter 2: Simulation Interviews and Studies, , Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder, July 2008.
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A Study of Educational Simulations Part I - Engagement and Learning , , Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 19(3), 397-419 , July 2008.
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What Levels of Guidance Promote Engaged Exploration with Interactive Simulations?, , PERC Proceedings, 2009.
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What levels of guidance promote engaged exploration with interactive simulations?, , AIP Conference Proceedings, 1064, 59, 2008.
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Research-Based Design Features of Web-based Simulations, , Talk presented at AAPT Summer Meeting, 2004.
수업 중 사용에 관한 연구
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Variations on play with interactive computer simulations: Balancing competing priorities, Whitacre, I., Hensberry, K. K. R., Schellinger, J., & Findley, K., International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080/0020739X.2018.1532536, 2018.
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ConfChem Conference on Interactive Visualizations for Chemistry Teaching and Learning: Using an Interactive Simulation To Support Development of Expert Practices for Balancing Chemical Equations., Chem. Educ., 2016, 93 (6), p. 1150–1151, 2016.
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Using an interactive simulation to support development of expert practices for balancing chemical equations, , Spring 2015 ConfChem: Interactive Visualizations for Chemistry Teaching and Learning, 2015.
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Effective Student Learning of Fractions with an Interactive Simulation, , Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 34(3), 273-298. 2015.
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Examining the Use of PhET Interactive Simulations in US College and High School Classrooms, Proceedings of the 2014 Physics Education Research Conference, June 2014.
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How guidance affects student engagement with an interactive simulation, Chemistry Education Research and Practice. 15 p. 628-638, 2014.
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Assessing the implicit scaffolding design framework: Effectiveness of the Build a Molecule simulation , , , NARST 2014: Awakening Dialogues - Advancing Science Education Research Practices and Policies. Proceedings of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Annual International Conference. National Association for Research in Science Teaching., 2014.
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Tools for high-tech tool use: A framework and heuristics for using interactive simulations, , JoTLT. 2(1), p. 31-55, 2013.
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Interactive simulations as implicit support for guided-inquiry, , Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 14(3), 257-268, 2013.
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Affordances of play for student agency and student-centered pedagogy, , American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 1513, pp. 306-309, 2013.
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Towards research-based strategies for using PhET simulations in middle school physical science classes, , 2011 PERC Proceedings, AIP Press 1413(1), 295-298, 2012.
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A Research-Based Curriculum for Teaching the Photoelectric Effect, , American Journal of Physics, 77, 87, January 2009.
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Assessing the Effectiveness of a Computer Simulation in Introductory Undergraduate Environments, , 2006 PERC Proceedings, AIP Conf. Proc. 883, 121, 2007.
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Assessing the Use of a Computer Simulation in Introductory College Physics Classroom Environments, , Master's Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2006.
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High-tech tools for teaching physics: The Physics Education Technology project, , Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 2(3), 2006.
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When learning about the real world is better done virtually: A study of substituting computer simulations for laboratory equipment, , Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research, 1(1), 1.010103, 2005.
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Can Computer Simulations Replace Real Equipment in Undergraduate Laboratories?, , PERC Proceedings, 2005.
PhET 시뮬레이션 소개
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Engaging students with mathematics through play, Hensberry, K. K. R., Whitacre, I., Findley, K., Schellinger, J., & Burr, M., Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 24(3), 197-183, 2018
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PhET Interactive Simulations: Transformative Tools for Teaching Chemistry, , Journal of Chemical Education, 91(8), 1191-1197, 2014.
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PhET Interactive Simulations: New Tools to Achieve Common Core Mathematics Standards, , D. Polly (Ed.) Common Core Mathematics Standards and Implementing Digital Technologies (147-167), Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2013.
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Creating effective interactive tools for learning: Insights from the PhET Interactive Simulations Project, , B. Wilson & T. Amiel (Eds.), pp. 436-441, 2012.
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Computer simulations to classrooms: tools for change, , Proceedings of the 2009 Physics Education Research Conference, 2010.
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An interactive optical tweezer simulation for science education, , Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7762, 776215, 2010.
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Sims for science: Powerful tools to support inquiry-based teaching, , Science Teacher, 77(7), 46-51, 2010.
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PhET Interactive Simulations: New tools for teaching and learning chemistry, , Newsletter: Using Computers in Chemical Education, 1-8, 2010.
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Laptops and Diesel Generators: Introducing PhET Simulations to Teachers in Uganda, , The Physics Teacher, 48, 63-66, January 2010.
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Student Choices when Learning with Computer Simulations, , Proceedings of the 2009 Physics Education Research Conference, 2006.
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Oersted Medal Lecture 2007: Interactive simulations for teaching physics: What works, what doesn't, and why, , American Journal of Physics, 76, 393 , May 2008.
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Making Science Simulations and Websites Easily Translatable and Available Worldwide: Challenges and Solutions, , Journal of Science Education and Technology, accepted, 2010 online; 2012 in print.
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PhET: Interactive Simulations for Teaching and Learning Physics, , The Physics Teacher, 44(1), 18 , 2006.
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Free On-line Resource Connects Real-life Phenomena to Science, , Physics Education, p. 93-95, January 2005.
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The Physics Education Technology Project: A New Suite of Physics Simulations, , Poster Presented at AAPT Summer Meeting, 2004.
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Incorporating Simulations in the classroom-A survey of Research Results from the Physics Education Technology Project, , Talk presented at the American Association of Physics Teachers Summer Meeting, 2004.
학생들의 학습에 대한 인식
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A deeper look at student learning of quantum mechanics: the case of tunneling, , Physical Review Special Topics: PER, 4, 020103 , October 2008.
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Why we should teach the Bohr model and how to teach it effectively, , Physical Review Special Topics: PER, 4, 010103 , March 2008.
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Students know what physicists believe, but they don't agree: A study using the CLASS survey, , Physical Review Special Topics, November 2008.
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Reforming a large lecture modern physics course for engineering majors using a PER-based design, , Proceedings of the 2006 Physics Education Research Conference, Vol. 883, pp. 34-37, 2006.
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A new instrument for measuring student beliefs about physics and learning physics: the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey, , Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 2, 010101, 2006.
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Towards characterizing the relationship between students' interest in and their beliefs about physics, , AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 818, p. 137, 2005.
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The Design and Validation of the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey, , 2004 Physics Education Research Conference, Vol. 790, pp.45-48, 2004.
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Correlating Student Beliefs With Student Learning Using The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey, , AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 790, p. 61). IOP INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING LTD, 2004.
연구에 의한 다른 작업
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Grand Challenge Problem 3: Empowering Science Teachers Using Technology-Enhanced Scaffolding to Improve Inquiry Learning, SpringerBriefs in Education (pp. 17–20). Springer International Publishing. 2016.
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Opportunity: Inclusive Design for Interactive Simulations, . In Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility (pp. 395-396), ACM, 2015.
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The Cutting Edge: Educational Innovation, Disability Law, and Civil Rights, Submitted to the 2015 ConfChem Online Conference: Interactive Visualizations for Chemistry Teaching and Learning. 2015.
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From demonstrations and clicker questions to guided-inquiry activities: Resources for integrating PhET simulations into your introductory chemistry course, . American Chemical Society Division of Chemical Education, Committee on Computers in Chemistry Education 2014 Fall Newsletter. Fall 2014.
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Use of a PhET Interactive Simulation in General Chemistry Laboratory: Models of the Hydrogen Atom, . Journal of Chemical Education, 91(8), 1198–1202, 2014.
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Context dependence of teacher practices in middle school science (pp. 299-302), , Proceedings of the 2011 Physics Education Research Conference. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1413(1), 299-302, 2012.
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Exploring Student Understanding of Energy through the Quantum Mechanics Conceptual Survey, , PERC Proceedings 2005, 2006.
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The surprising impact of seat location on student performance , , The Physics Teacher, 43, p. 30-33 , 2005.
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Should a Fortran-savvy educator learn Java, Flash, both, or neither?, , Talk presented at AAPT Summer Meeting, 2004.
PhET에 대한 외부 연구자들의 출판물
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Constructionism and microworlds as part of a 21st century learning activity to impact student engagement and confidence in physics, , (2016, Feb). Sipitakiat, A., & Tutiyaphuengprasert, N. (Eds.) Proceedings of Constructionism 2016. Paper presented at Constructionism 2016, Bangkok Thailand (34-41).
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Effectiveness of an inquiry-based learning using interactive simulations for enhancing students’ conceptual understanding in physics , , (2015). PhD Thesis, School of Education, The University of Queensland.
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Use of physics simulations in whole class and small group settings: Comparative case studies, , Computers & Education 86, 137-156, 2015.
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Balancing Act: Do Preservice Teachers in an Integrated Mathematics/Science Course Categorize a Levers Problem as Mathematics or Science?, , Annual meeting of the Association for Science Teacher Education (ASTE), San Antonio, January, 2014.
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Investigating the Relationship Between the Substance Metaphor for Energy and Its Proposed Affordances and Limitations, , in preparation for 2014 Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings, edited by P. V. Englehardt, A. D. Churukian, and D. L. Jones (AIP, Minneapolis, MN), 2014.
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Not a magic bullet: the effect of scaffolding on knowledge and attitudes in online simulations, , In J. Polman, E. Kyza, I. Tabak, & K. O’Neill, proceedings of the International Conference of the Learning Sciences. (30%), 2014.
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Students’ adaptation and transfer of strategies across levels of scaffolding in an exploratory environment, , In proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Honolulu, HI, 2014.
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The impact of computer simulations as interactive demonstration tools on the performance of Grade 11 learners in electromagnetis, , African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 18(1), 2014.
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Animation or Simulation: Investigating the Importance of Interactivity for Learning Solubility Equilibria, , In J. P. Suits & M. J. Sanger, (Eds.) Pedagogic Roles of Animations and Simulations in Chemistry Courses, (pp. 127-159), Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, 2014.
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How Does Level of Guidance Affect Understanding When Students Use a Dynamic Simulation of Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium?, , In I. Devetak, & S. A. Glazar, (Eds), Learning with understanding in the chemistry classroom, (pp. 243-263), Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2014.
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Multimodal study of visual problem solving in chemistry with multiple representations, , Dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University, 2014.
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Designing online scaffolds for interactive computer simulation, , Interactive Learning Environments, 21(3), 229–243, 2013.
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Computer simulations and clear observations do not guarantee conceptual understanding, , Learning and Instruction, 23, 10–23, 2013.
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“Re-Simulating”: Physics Simulations for Blind Students, , Presented at the New Perspectives in Science Education., 2013.
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Teacher candidates' knowledge construction with technology, , Knowledge construction and multimodal curriculum development (pp.112-127). IGI Global, 2013.
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Enhancing Students’ Scientific Literacy In Science Education Using Interactive Simulations: A Critical Literature Review, , Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 32(2), 125-171, 2013.
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Radiation and Atomic Literacy for Nonscientists, , Science 342(6157): 436-437, 2013.
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Students’ Conceptual Change in Electricity and Magnetism using Simulations: a Comparison of Cognitive Perturbation and Cognitive Conflict, , Journal of Research in Science Teaching 50(6)pp.677-698, 2013.
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Teacher education using computer simulations—pre and in-service primary school teacher training to teach science, , Learning Science in the Society of Computers, 28–36., 2012.
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Designing a Web-Based Science Learning Environment for Model-Based Collaborative Inquiry, , Journal of Science Education and Technology, 2012.
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The learning effects of computer simulations in science education, , Computers & Education, 58(1), 136–153, 2012.
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Inquiry-based Lessons and PhET Simulations - A Great Match for Middle School Classrooms, , Presented at the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference 2012: AACE, Chesapeake, VA., 2012.
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Effectiveness of Computer Simulations in Physics Teaching/Learning, , LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH &Co. KG and licensors, 2012.
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Effects of Computer Simulations on Undergraduate Science Students Physics Achievement, , A stand-alone paper virtually presented at the 2012 Annual international Conference of NARST held on March 25-28/2012 at Indianapolis, Indian, USA, 2012.
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Integrating Information Technology and Science Education for the Future: A Theoretical Review on the Educational Use of Interactive Simulations, , in Proceedings of the 2012 Australian Computers in Education Conference: It's time, Australian Council for Computers in Education, Australia, 2012.
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Effectiveness of Scientific Visualizations in Year 11 Chemistry and Physics Education, , in Proceedings of the 2012 Australian Computers in Education Conference: It's time, Australian Council for Computers in Education, Australia, 2012.
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The usefulness of log based clustering in a complex simulation environment, , In S. Trausen-Matu & K. Boyer, proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 2012.
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Identifying & Resolving Problematic Student Thinking About Ionizing Radiation, , National Conference on Undergraduate Research, Weber State College, Ogden, UT, UNC Asheville, 2012.
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Inservice science teachers' views of a professional development workshop and their learning of force and motion concepts, , Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(7), pp 928-935, 2012.
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Learning Science Through Computer Games and Simulations., , National Academies Press, 2011.
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Science modelling in pre-calculus: how to make mathematics problems contextually meaningful. , , International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 42(3), 283–297, 2011.
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Effectiveness of Computer Simulations in the Teaching/ Learning of Physics, , A stand-alone paper presented at the 2011 Annual international Conference of NARST held on April 3-6/2011 Orlando, Florida, USA, 2011.
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The use of Interactive Computer Simulations with regard to access to Education – a social justice issue, , Journal of Educational Studies 10(2) pp 89 - 106, 2011.
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The activity of simulations to the practical work of foundation physics students at the University of Limpopo, , Multicultural education and technology journal. 5(4) p 288-302, 2011.
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Spatial Learning and Computer Simulations in Science, , International Journal of Science Education, 31(3), 419–438, 2009.
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Student perspectives on learning physics and their relationship with learning force and motion concepts: A study using Q methodology, , Human Subjectivity, 2, pp 73-90, 2008.
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Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Siswa Berbasis Inkuiri Melalui Media Virtual PhET Untuk Melatihkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Materi Pemanasan Global, , Universitas Negeri Surabaya (Indonesian).
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Kerja laboratorium Melalui Phet untuk meremediasi miskonsepsi siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Sungai Raya pada materi Hukum Archimedes, , Tanjungpura University (Indonesian).
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Scientific Inquiry in Mathematics: A Case of Implementing Scientific Simulations for Analyzing Problems on Motion., .
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Teachers using interactive simulations to scaffold inquiry instruction in physical science education, , In J. Gilbert and B. Eilam (Eds.) Science Teachers' Use of Visual Representations. Dordrecht: Springer..
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Impact of Electronic Simulations on students’ learning in Lebanese 10th Grade Electricity Courses. (Ph.d research), .
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Evaluating a Novel Instructional Sequence for Conceptual Development in Physics Using Interactive Simulations, , Submitted to the International Journal of Science Education, Under Review.